RBI Grade B 2025 English
Q1–10 of 30Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
What is the central innovation in Dr. Choudhry’s integrated protection plan as described in the report?
Correct answer: (a)
Explanation
The question asks for the central innovation in Dr. Choudhry’s integrated protection plan. The key is to identify what is presented as the core, novel element rather than supporting measures.
In the passage, this line is decisive:
“The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures.”
This clearly establishes the main innovation.
Option-wise analysis
(a) The use of a plant vaccine based on non-pathogenic protein fragments to initiate targeted immune responses.
This directly reflects the passage. The vaccine is described as novel, derived from harmless protein fragments, and designed to train plant immunity. It is explicitly called the centerpiece of the plan.
→ Correct
(b) A comprehensive biological agent that alters plant genetic structures for long-term immunity.
The passage never mentions genetic alteration or permanent genetic change. The vaccine works by immune training, not gene modification.
→ Incorrect
(c) The replacement of chemical pesticides with mechanical pest-removal tools for termite management.
Termite control is addressed through root-zone barriers and odor cues, but this is a supporting tactic, not the central innovation of the plan.
→ Incorrect
(d) Enhanced moisture retention strategies that inhibit fungal spore formation in humid climates.
The report actually warns that moisture and poor air circulation promote outbreaks. It recommends airflow and pruning, not moisture retention.
→ Incorrect
(e) A new soil additive that strengthens root integrity, reducing vulnerability to termites and fungi.
→ Incorrect
Final conclusion
The passage explicitly identifies the plant vaccine based on harmless protein fragments as the defining and innovative feature of Dr. Choudhry’s protection strategy. Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
Based on the passage, what explains the increased likelihood of disease outbreaks under certain agricultural conditions?
Correct answer: (c)
Explanation
The question asks what explains the increased likelihood of disease outbreaks under certain agricultural conditions, based strictly on the passage.
The relevant line from the passage is:
“By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks.”
This sentence directly explains the conditions that make outbreaks more likely.
Option-wise analysis
(a) The gradual buildup of chlorophyll and potassium in older leaves creates a chemical imbalance.
The passage does not discuss chlorophyll, potassium, or chemical imbalance in leaves.
→ Incorrect
(b) Lack of crop diversification leads to monoculture stress, attracting pests more easily.
Crop rotation is mentioned later as a preventive step, but monoculture stress is not given as the explanation for outbreaks.
→ Incorrect
(c) Early rains, high planting density, and stagnant air form a favorable environment for pests and pathogens.
This is a direct paraphrase of the passage’s explanation: early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation create conditions that promote infections.
→ Correct
(d) Excessive use of fertilizers causes nitrogen saturation, promoting fungal spore growth.
Fertilizer use and nitrogen saturation are not mentioned in the passage.
→ Incorrect
(e) Higher fruit yield per acre creates more biomass, which accelerates termite infestations.
The passage does not link higher yield or biomass to termite outbreaks.
→ Incorrect
Final conclusion
The passage clearly attributes increased disease outbreaks to microclimatic conditions—specifically early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation—making option (c) the correct answer.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
What role does mutation or adaptation play in the behavior of the three organisms described?
Correct answer: (d)
Explanation
The question asks about the role of mutation or adaptation in the behavior of all three organisms—viruses, fungi, and termites—as described in the passage.
The key lines are:
“Rapid mutation allows viruses … plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.”
This shows that all three adapt or evolve, though by different mechanisms.
Option-wise analysis
(a) Viral particles replicate without altering structure, but use external vectors to spread across crops.
The passage emphasizes rapid mutation, not structural stability or vector-based spread.
→ Incorrect
(b) Fungi remain genetically stable but change their nutritional preferences to exploit new hosts.
The passage states that fungi swap genetic material through spores, which contradicts genetic stability.
→ Incorrect
(c) Termite colonies remain static but deepen their tunnels as resistance increases.
The passage explicitly says termite colonies reorganize quickly and shift attack sites, not that they remain static.
→ Incorrect
(d) Viruses, fungi, and termites all evolve quickly, using distinct mechanisms to bypass plant defenses or shift strategies.
This accurately captures all three behaviors:
· viruses mutate rapidly,
· fungi exchange genetic material,
· termites reorganize their colonies.
· → Correct
(e) Only viruses are capable of rapid mutation; fungi and termites remain environmentally constrained.
The passage clearly shows adaptation in fungi and termites as well.
→ Incorrect
Final conclusion
The passage highlights rapid and flexible adaptation across all three organisms, each using different evolutionary strategies. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
Identify the CORRECT statement based on the passage.
(I) The plant vaccine mentioned in the report increases sugar content in leaves to attract helpful organisms.
(II) Viruses adapt through genetic recombination while termites rely on protein mimicry to confuse plants.
(III) Dense planting and early rains are linked to the increased vulnerability of crops to infections.
Correct answer: (c) Only (III)
Explanation
We must check each statement strictly against what is stated or clearly implied in the passage.
Statement-wise analysis
(I) The plant vaccine mentioned in the report increases sugar content in leaves to attract helpful organisms.
This is not stated in the passage.
The passage says the vaccine:
· is “derived from harmless protein fragments”
· “trains plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures”
· improves immune signaling and limits replication
There is no mention of increasing sugar content or attracting helpful organisms.
→ Incorrect
(II) Viruses adapt through genetic recombination while termites rely on protein mimicry to confuse plants.
This is also incorrect.
According to the passage:
· Viruses adapt through rapid mutation
· Fungi exchange genetic material through spores
· Termites reorganize colonies and shift attack sites
There is no reference to:
· genetic recombination for viruses, or
· protein mimicry by termites
→ Incorrect
(III) Dense planting and early rains are linked to the increased vulnerability of crops to infections.
This statement is directly supported by the passage:
“early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks.”
This clearly establishes the link between these conditions and higher infection risk.
→ Correct
Final conclusion
· (I) Incorrect
· (II) Incorrect
· (III) Correct
Therefore, the correct answer is:
(c) Only (III)
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
What combination of actions is advised at the end of the report to help mitigate disease and pest damage?
(I) Implement pruning and row spacing to improve air circulation.
(II) Apply chemical insecticides during the fruiting phase for enhanced crop defense.
(III) Use the plant vaccine early and before periods of high humidity.
Correct answer: (d) Both (I) and (III)
Explanation
The question asks for the combination of actions advised at the end of the report. So we must focus specifically on the closing guidance for growers in the passage.
The relevant lines are:
“Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance.”
“Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity.”
Statement-wise analysis
(I) Implement pruning and row spacing to improve air circulation.
This is explicitly mentioned:
· “Space rows for airflow”
· “prune regularly”
Both actions are clearly recommended to reduce disease risk.
→ Correct
(II) Apply chemical insecticides during the fruiting phase for enhanced crop defense.
This is not mentioned anywhere in the passage.
In fact:
· The report emphasizes biological control, hygiene, soil health, and vaccines.
· There is no reference to chemical insecticides, especially during the fruiting phase.
→ Incorrect
(III) Use the plant vaccine early and before periods of high humidity.
This is directly supported by the passage:
· “Use the vaccine at the seedling stage”
· “repeat before peak humidity”
→ Correct
Final conclusion
· (I) Correct
· (II) Incorrect
· (III) Correct
Hence, the correct answer is:
(d) Both (I) and (III)
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
Choose the word that is the most appropriate synonym of “placed” as used in the passage.
Correct answer: (b) Positioned
Why “positioned” is the best synonym
In the sentence:
“In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions …”
the word “placed” means carefully set or arranged in a specific location for a purpose, not casually thrown or dropped. “Positioned” captures this sense of deliberate, careful arrangement, which fits a laboratory context.
Meanings, examples, and option-wise analysis
Placed
· Meaning (English): Put or set something in a particular position deliberately.
· Meaning (Hindi): रखना / स्थािपत करना
· Example (English): The technician placed the sample under the microscope.
(This is the base word we are finding a synonym for.)
(a) Thrown
· Meaning (English): To propel something forcefully through the air.
· Meaning (Hindi): फकना
· Example (English): He threw the ball across the field.
Why incorrect:
“Thrown” implies force and carelessness, which is unsuitable for lab samples and controlled conditions.
(b) Positioned
· Meaning (English): Carefully put or arranged in a specific place for a purpose.
· Meaning (Hindi): सही स्थान पर रखना
· Example (English): The samples were positioned in separate chambers for testing.
Why correct:
It matches the idea of intentional and precise placement in a scientific setting.
(c) Dropped
· Meaning (English): Let something fall unintentionally or without control.
· Meaning (Hindi): िगरा देना
· Example (English): She accidentally dropped the glass.
Why incorrect:
“Dropped” suggests accident or lack of care, which contradicts controlled laboratory handling.
(d) Tossed
· Meaning (English): Thrown lightly or casually.
· Meaning (Hindi): उछालकर फकना
· Example (English): He tossed the keys onto the table.
Why incorrect:
“Tossed” implies casual handling, inappropriate for scientific samples.
(e) Floated
· Meaning (English): Rest or move on the surface of a liquid or air.
· Meaning (Hindi): तैरना / तैरते रहना
· Example (English): The leaf floated on the water.
Why incorrect:
“Floated” changes the meaning entirely and does not fit the idea of controlled placement.
Final conclusion
The laboratory context requires a word that conveys careful, deliberate arrangement.
Only “positioned” preserves both the meaning and tone of “placed” in the passage.
Correct answer: (b) Positioned
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
Choose the word that is the most appropriate synonym of “spoil” as used in the passage.
Correct answer: (b) Ruin
Why “ruin” is the best synonym
In the sentence:
“Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality.”
the word “spoil” means to damage or destroy the usefulness, value, or effectiveness of something.
Here, infections negatively affect both timing and quality, making produce less valuable or unsuitable for markets.
“Ruin” captures this sense of serious damage or loss of value most accurately.
Meanings, examples, and option-wise analysis
Spoil (base word from the passage)
· Meaning (English): To damage or impair the quality, usefulness, or value of something.
· Meaning (Hindi): खराब करना / नष्ट कर देना
· Example (English): Heavy rain can spoil the crops before harvest.
(a) Enhance
· Meaning (English): To improve or increase the quality or value.
· Meaning (Hindi): बेहतर बनाना / बढ़ाना
· Example (English): Fertilizers enhance soil fertility.
Why incorrect:
“Enhance” is the opposite of “spoil.” The passage describes harm, not improvement.
(b) Ruin
· Meaning (English): To severely damage or destroy something.
· Meaning (Hindi): पूरी तरह खराब कर देना / नष्ट कर देना
· Example (English): Pests can ruin an entire season’s harvest.
Why correct:
“Ruin” directly reflects the idea of infections damaging harvest timing and market quality.
(c) Ferment
· Meaning (English): To undergo chemical change due to yeast or bacteria.
· Meaning (Hindi): िक त होना
· Example (English): Grapes ferment to produce wine.
Why incorrect:
“Ferment” refers to a biological process, not to damaging harvest schedules or quality in this context.
(d) Delay
· Meaning (English): To make something happen later than planned.
· Meaning (Hindi): देरी करना
· Example (English): Bad weather may delay the harvest.
Why incorrect:
While spoilage may cause delays, “spoil” here means broader damage, not just lateness.
(e) Expand
· Meaning (English): To increase in size, amount, or scope.
· Meaning (Hindi): िवस्तार करना
· Example (English): The company plans to expand its operations.
Why incorrect:
“Expand” has no connection to damage or loss of quality.
Final conclusion
In the context of agricultural damage and loss of value, “ruin” is the closest and most accurate synonym of “spoil.”
Correct answer: (b) Ruin
Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
Dr. Choudhry, a noted scientist, has developed a groundbreaking report on plant diseases that brings clarity to how viruses, fungi, and termites invade fields and orchards. The study begins with a field survey in which samples were carefully collected from leaves, roots, and stems. In the lab, each sample was placed in controlled conditions to map the life cycles of the culprits and track the paths of infection. The report explains that viruses hijack cell machinery, fungi build threadlike networks that block water flow, and termites carve silent tunnels that weaken stems and expose plants to secondary attacks.
The analysis also explores what these organisms eat and why that diet matters. Viral particles need living cells rich in sugars and amino acids. Many fungi prefer moist tissues where starch reserves are high. Termites target cellulose, turning woody or fibrous parts into easy channels. By connecting food preference with microclimate data, the report shows why early rains, dense planting, and poor air circulation often set the stage for outbreaks. Dr. Choudhry then zeroed in on the speeds at which these enemies evolve. Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses. Fungi swap genetic material through spores, expanding their range. Termite colonies reorganize quickly, shifting attack sites when obstacles appear.
The damage, the report warns, is not just visible wilt or rot. It reduces nutrient transport, distorts flowering, and shortens fruiting windows. Left unchecked, even low-level infections can spoil harvest timing and market quality. To move from diagnosis to defense, Dr. Choudhry designed an integrated protection plan. It combines hygiene, soil health, and targeted biological control. The centerpiece is a novel plant vaccine derived from harmless protein fragments that train plant immunity to recognize common viral and fungal signatures. Field trials show faster signaling in treated plants, limiting replication and reducing lesion size. For termites, the plan pairs root-zone barriers with odor cues that divert foraging lines away from crops.
The report closes with practical guidance for growers. Space rows for airflow, prune regularly, and monitor nutrient balance. Rotate plots to disrupt fungal reservoirs. Inspect for termite mud tubes after rains. Use the vaccine at the seedling stage and repeat before peak humidity. With these steps, farms can cut losses, stabilize yields, and protect biodiversity. Dr. Choudhry’s work turns scattered observations into a coherent shield for modern agriculture.
Choose the most suitable phrase to fill the blank given in the passage.
Correct answer: (b) to dodge
Why “to dodge” fits best
The sentence is:
“Rapid mutation allows viruses ___________ plant defenses.”
From the passage, viruses are described as evolving quickly so that they can avoid, bypass, or escape the plant’s protective mechanisms.
The verb that best captures this idea is “to dodge”, meaning to evade or avoid something cleverly.
Meanings, examples, and option-wise analysis
Dodge (correct choice)
· Meaning (English): To avoid or evade something skillfully.
· Meaning (Hindi): चालाकी से बच िनकलना
· Example (English): The pathogen mutated to dodge the host’s immune response.
This directly matches the idea of viruses using mutation to evade plant defenses.
Option-wise evaluation
(a) to harden
· Meaning (English): To make something stronger or more rigid.
· Meaning (Hindi): कठोर बनाना
· Why incorrect:
· Viruses do not “harden” plant defenses; they overcome them.
(b) to dodge
· Meaning (English): To evade or avoid.
· Meaning (Hindi): बचना / चकमा देना
· Why correct:
· This precisely reflects how rapid mutation helps viruses escape plant immune systems.
(c) to support
· Meaning (English): To help or strengthen.
· Meaning (Hindi): समथन करना
· Why incorrect:
· Viruses do not support plant defenses; they undermine them.
(d) to transmit
· Meaning (English): To pass something from one place or organism to another.
· Meaning (Hindi): प्रसा रत करना
· Why incorrect:
· Transmission relates to spread, not to overcoming defenses.
(e) to nourish
· Meaning (English): To feed or provide nutrients.
· Meaning (Hindi): पोषण करना
· Why incorrect:
· This is unrelated to mutation or defense evasion.
Final conclusion
The passage emphasizes evasion of plant defenses through rapid mutation, which is best expressed by “to dodge.”
Correct answer: (b) to dodge
A word has been given in the question and used in the sentences below.
CONDONE
(I) The principal refused to condone the student's cheating, stating that academic integrity must be upheld.
(II) She condoned the recipe with some extra spices to make it more flavorful.
(III) Many citizens were outraged, believing that the light sentence condoned the criminal's actions.
Identify the statements where the word has been used in a contextually and grammatically correct manner.
Correct answer: (c) Both (I) and (III)
Meaning of CONDONE
· Meaning (English): To accept, approve, or allow something morally wrong or unacceptable, often by failing to take action against it.
· Meaning (Hindi): िकसी गलत काय को ीकार करना या उसे नज़रअंदाज़ करना
Statement-wise analysis
(I) The principal refused to condone the student's cheating, stating that academic integrity must be upheld.
This usage is contextually and grammatically correct.
Here, condone correctly means to approve or overlook wrongdoing. The principal refuses to accept cheating, which fits the meaning perfectly.
→ Correct
(II) She condoned the recipe with some extra spices to make it more flavorful.
This usage is incorrect.
The sentence confuses condone with words like season, enhance, or condiment.
Condone has a moral or ethical sense and cannot be used for cooking or flavoring.
→ Incorrect
(III) Many citizens were outraged, believing that the light sentence condoned the criminal's actions.
This usage is correct.
Here, condoned means implicitly approved or excused the criminal’s behavior by giving a light punishment, which aligns with the word’s meaning.
→ Correct
Final conclusion
· (I) Correct
· (II) Incorrect
· (III) Correct
Therefore, the correct answer is:
(c) Both (I) and (III)
In the following question, four sentences are given, out of which one or more may contain a grammatical or contextual error.
A. The city is still suffered from the devastating effects of drought that had affected millions of people.
B. Years of exposure to recurrent floods led the villagers to develop their own coping mechanisms.
C. Platform economy has gained ground as it promotes flexibility and assure autonomy.
D. The convention aimed at advance the discussion on energy crisis and to track the progress effectively.
Identify the sentence(s) that is/are grammatically and contextually CORRECT.
Correct answer: (d) Only B
Sentence-wise analysis
A. The city is still suffered from the devastating effects of drought that had affected millions of people.
This sentence is grammatically incorrect.
· Error: “is still suffered”
· The verb form is wrong. It should be either:
· “is still suffering from …” (active, present continuous), or
· “has still suffered from …” (present perfect, depending on meaning).
· There is also a tense mismatch between “is” and “had affected” without a clear past reference point.
→ Incorrect
B. Years of exposure to recurrent floods led the villagers to develop their own coping mechanisms.
This sentence is both grammatically and contextually correct.
· Verb tense ( “led”) is appropriate.
· Cause–effect relationship is clear.
· No issues with agreement, structure, or meaning.
→ Correct
C. Platform economy has gained ground as it promotes flexibility and assure autonomy.
This sentence is grammatically incorrect.
· Error in parallelism and subject–verb agreement:
· “promotes” (correct)
· “assure” (incorrect)
· It should be “assures autonomy” to match “promotes flexibility”.
→ Incorrect
D. The convention aimed at advance the discussion on energy crisis and to track the progress effectively.
This sentence is grammatically incorrect.
· Error with verb form after “aimed at”:
· “aimed at” must be followed by a gerund (-ing form).
· Also, there is faulty parallelism:
· “aimed at advance … and to track …” mixes forms.
It should be something like:
· “aimed at advancing the discussion … and tracking the progress …”
→ Incorrect
Final conclusion
· A: Incorrect
· B: Correct
· C: Incorrect
· D: Incorrect
Therefore, the only grammatically and contextually correct sentence is:
(d) Only B